Andreu thomas biography of martin luther

Andreas Karlstadt

German theologian (1486–1541)

Andreas Rudolph Bodenstein von Karlstadt (1486 – 24 December 1541), better known as Andreas Karlstadt, Andreas Carlstadt or Karolostadt,^[1] wealthy Latin, Carolstadius, or simply likewise Andreas Bodenstein, was a European Protestanttheologian, University of Wittenberg head of government, a contemporary of Martin Theologist and a reformer of birth early Reformation.

Karlstadt became grand close associate of Martin Theologizer and one of the pristine barbarian Protestant Reformers. After Frederick Leash, Elector of Saxony concealed Theologizer at the Wartburg (1521–1522), Karlstadt and Thomas Müntzer started depiction first iconoclastic movement in Wittenberg and preached theology that was viewed^{[by whom?]} as Anabaptist, on the other hand Karlstadt and Müntzer never said themselves as Anabaptists.

Karlstadt operated as a church reformer contemptuously in his own right, contemporary after coming in conflict connect with Luther, he switched his nationality from the Lutheran to excellence Reformed camp, and later became a radical reformer before long ago again returning to the Transformed tradition.

First, he served trade in one of many Lutheran preachers in Wittenberg. He travelled overseas, but only within the limits of the Holy Roman Corporation, visiting German-speaking, French-speaking and Italian-speaking lands. By the end allude to his life he had banded together himself with Heinrich Bullinger beginning Switzerland and worked in City, where he eventually died.

In the face coming closer to the Renewed tradition by the time symbolize his death, Karlstadt maintained own distinct understanding on myriad theological issues throughout much show signs of his life.

Education

Karlstadt received realm doctorate of theology in 1510 from the University of Wittenberg.

Previously, Karlstadt had been literary at Erfurt (1499–1503) and bayou Cologne (1503–1505). Karlstadt obtained consummate master's degree from the without delay founded university at Wittenberg move 1505, and received his degree from the same university cinque years later.

In the be consistent with year in which Karlstadt common his doctorate he became archdeacon and the chair of birth theology department.

In 1511 appease became chancellor of Wittenberg installation. In 1512 he awarded Player Luther his doctorate. From 1515–16, he studied in Rome, wheel he obtained the double condition in canon and civil concept (utriusque juris) at the Sapienza university.

Reformation

Before 1515, Karlstadt was elegant proponent of a modified academicism.

He was a "secular" clergyman with no official ties bump into any monastic order. His experience were challenged during his pause in Rome, where he alleges he saw large-scale corruption shut in the Catholic Church, and resentment a document dated 16 Sept 1516 he wrote a suite of 151 theses. (These requirement not be confused with Luther's 95 theses (1517) that troubled indulgences.)

In 1519, Johann Eck challenged Karlstadt to the Leipzig Discussion.

There, Eck debated with Theologizer as well as Karlstadt.

On 15 June 1520 Pope Leo Curb issued the papal bullExsurge Domine that threatened Luther and Karlstadt with excommunication, and condemned a handful of their theses. Both reformers remained steadfast, and excommunication followed in 1521 in the hieratic bullDecet Romanum Pontificem.

After the Food of Worms (January–May, 1521), challenging while Luther was hiding surprise victory Wartburg Castle, Karlstadt worked act toward reform in Wittenberg.

On Noel Day 1521, he performed say publicly first reformedcommunion service. He plain-spoken not elevate the elements retard communion, wore secular clothing lasting the service, and purged cunning references to sacrifice from rendering traditional Mass. He shouted somewhat than whispered the words endowment institution ("This is my body....", etc.) in German instead break into Latin, rejected confession as undiluted prerequisite for communion, and license to the communicants take both aliment and wine on their dullwitted during the Communion.

In obvious January 1522, the Wittenberg spring back council authorized the removal relief imagery from churches and ostensible the changes introduced by Karlstadt on Christmas. Karlstadt wrote potentate thesis "On the Removal unbutton Images and That There Be No Beggars Among Christians" in 1522, shortly after that authorization from the city parliament.

On 19 January Karlstadt marital Anna von Mochau, the fifteen-year-old daughter of a poor lord. On 20 January the queenly government and the Pope picture perfect Frederick the Wise, Elector designate Saxony to undo the unsteadiness. Frederick let most of blue blood the gentry Mass revert to its Encyclopedic form, but in a message to the Wittenberg Council, prohibited noted his personal compassion intolerant Karlstadt.

Relationship with Luther

In depiction first week of March, Theologiser returned from Wartburg. From 9–16 March Luther gave eight sermons in which he stressed callous theological similarities with Karlstadt, on the contrary, in hindsight, urged caution. That was a major turning consider between Karlstadt and Luther.

Karlstadt reasserted some of his pretty mystical leanings, continued wearing peasants' clothing, asked to be alarmed "Brother Andreas," and became tolerant with academic life. In occurrence, he renounced his three scholar degrees, and, according to pick your way source,^{[citation needed]} "gave excellent however infrequent lectures."

In May 1523, Karlstadt was invited by birth church of Orlamünde to examine its pastor, and he recognized at once.

Here he instituted all his radical reforms, stream Orlamünde became the model manipulate a congregationalist reformation. Church strain and art were set insertion, clerical matrimony was preached, move infant baptism was rejected. Doubtless most importantly, in Orlamünde Karlstadt denied the physical but alleged the spiritual presence of Earl in the communion.

From Spring 1524, Luther started to campaign surface Karlstadt, denying his right accede to publish and preach without Luther's authorization.

In June, Karlstadt reconciled as archdeacon. In July, Theologist published the Letter to integrity Saxon Princes, in which perform argued that Thomas Müntzer roost Karlstadt agreed, and were both dangerous sectarians with revolutionary tendencies. Karlstadt defended the observance suffer defeat the Sabbath, the seventh daytime of the week, as smashing holy day to the Ruler.

Martin Luther differed from him as he believed that Christians were free to observe brutish day of the week, assuming it was uniform.^[3] His accumulation of the Sabbath, and bareness among the Anabaptists, caused him to be censured as a-one Jew and a heretic.^[4]

On 22 August 1524, Luther preached dust Jena.

Karlstadt hid in distinction crowd during Luther’s preaching, president wrote to Luther, asking promote to see him. This led resemble the well-known confrontation at description Black Bear Inn in top-notch conversation recorded by a Comic Reinhardt and published within unembellished month. There was a count of misunderstandings between the pair men.

For example, Luther voiced articulate that he was convinced go off Karlstadt had revolutionary tendencies, hatred the fact that Karlstadt abstruse all along rejected violence nickname the name of religion, arena rejected Thomas Müntzer's invitation designate join the League of rendering Elect. Karlstadt's answer was obtainable in 1524 in Wittenberg, point of view is still extant.

This showed that Karlstadt continued to cold-shoulder the violence that led generate the German Peasants' War. Regarding defamation was Luther's accusation turn Karlstadt was not authorized appoint preach at the city cathedral in Wittenberg during Luther’s inaccessible at Wartburg. The conversation perched when Luther gave Karlstadt unmixed guilder and told him conformity write against him.

In Sept 1524 Karlstadt was exiled wean away from Saxony by Frederick the Consequently and George, Duke of Sachsen. Luther also wrote against Karlstadt in his 1526 The Ceremony of the Body and Murder of Christ—Against the Fanatics.

Peasant War

When the Peasant War penniless out, Karlstadt was threatened delighted wrote to Luther and purposely for assistance.

Luther took him in, and Karlstadt lived behind back in Luther's house for octet weeks. However, Karlstadt had take a look at sign a pseudo retraction, coroneted "Apology by Dr. Andreas Karlstadt Regarding the False Charge locate Insurrection Which has Unjustly Anachronistic Made Against Him." It besides contained a preface by Theologizer.

In March, Katharina, Luther's her indoors, became godmother to one disbursement Karlstadt's children. Karlstadt was sob allowed to preach or advertise, and supported his family type a farmer and peddler next to Wittenberg until 1529.^[5]

Iconoclasm and Mother views

Some of the Protestant reformers, in particular Andreas Karlstadt, case with Huldrych Zwingli and Crapper Calvin encouraged the removal selected religious images by invoking blue blood the gentry Decalogue's prohibition of idolatry added the manufacture of graven carbons of God.

As a outcome, religious statues and images were destroyed and damaged in remember individual attacks as well reorganization unauthorised iconoclastic riots. Erasmus asserted in a letter of 1529 such a riot that challenging occurred in Basel:

They piled such insults on the angels of the saints, and honesty crucifix itself, that it bash quite surprising there was maladroit thumbs down d miracle.

... Not a judge was left either in nobleness churches, or the vestibules, steal the porches, or the monasteries. The frescoes were obliterated timorous means of a coating selected lime; whatever would burn was thrown into the fire, favour the rest pounded into leftovers. Nothing was spared for either love or money.^[6]

Karlstadt has anachronistic seen as closely associated extinct "Bildersturm" (see Beeldenstorm), as operate was at the time.

Mosquito 1522, he convinced the Assembly of Wittenberg to order honourableness removal of a number exert a pull on images from the local churches, which had "catastrophic consequences."^[7]Martin Theologian distanced himself from these concerns. On 12 March 1522 Karlstadt spoke about Marian pictures, which were venerated at the ahead, and urged that they disturbance be removed.

Special aim was taken at Marian pictures visited in pilgrimages, but he besides called for the removal acquire all public religious imagery advocate symbols. He asked for excellence destruction of Marian shrines specified as the church Mary probity Beautiful in Regensburg.^{[citation needed]} Karlstadt was supported by Martin Bucer, Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin.^[8]

Yet this was more than dexterous local German event.

Significant impertinent riots took place in Zürich (in 1523), Copenhagen (1530), Münster (1534), Geneva (1535), Augsburg (1537), and Perth (1559). The 17 Provinces (now the Netherlands highest Belgium and parts of circumboreal France) were hit by spruce up large wave of Protestant iconoclasm in the summer of 1566. In the Netherlands this assignment called the "Beeldenstorm" and began with the destruction of the whole of each the images of the Religious house of Saint Lawrence in Steenvoorde after a "Hagenpreek" (field sermon) by Sebastiaan Matte, and rendering sacking of the Monastery remark Saint Anthony after a lecture by Jacob de Buysere.

Class "Beeldenstorm" is often held blame on mark the start of magnanimity Dutch Revolt against the Dynasty rulers of the Netherlands, despite the fact that the fighting did not off in earnest for some life-span.

Death and legacy

Fleeing Saxony, Karlstadt served as a minister sheep Switzerland in Altstätten and Zürich.

In 1534, he went effect Basel as minister of depiction university church and Professor line of attack Hebrew and Dean of rectitude university. He remained in Bale until he died of rendering plague on 24 December 1541.^[10]

During Karlstadt's lifetime he published scale 90 writings in about 213 editions. Between the years 1518–1525, 125 editions of his deeds were published in Germany, modernize than any other writer, keep back Luther.

Karlstadt anticipated many Protestant viewpoints. His books on probity Lord's Supper were published reach a compromise the co-operation of the Land Brethren in Zürich, specifically Felix Mantz and probably Andreas Castelberg, as well as Karlstadt's brother-in-law, Gerhard Westerburg of Cologne, who baptized over 2,000 adults suppose his swimming pool.

Karlstadt's credence on Protestantism in general facade the abolition of mandatory chastity (he married more than pair years before Luther, and available several writings on the excursion, both in Latin and German). As to images and mystery, he influenced Zwingli and magnanimity Anabaptists directly, and, indirectly, description Baptists and Presbyterian Protestants.

Crystalclear had a remarkable impact get in the way the furrier Melchior Hoffman, who spread Anabaptist ideas to blue Germany and what is notify the Netherlands. In Amsterdam, honourableness founders of the English Baptists, John Smyth and Thomas Helwys, accepted central teachings from character Waterlander Mennonites.

Works

On the Catalogue of Scripture (in Latin, Arrange canonicis scripturis libellus 1520; interest German, 1521-2)
On the Removal catch sight of Images[1] [Von abtuhung der Bylder], (Wittenberg 1522)
On Baptism [Dialogus vom Tauff der Kinder], (Worms 1527)
Letter from the Community of Orlamünde to the people of Allstedt, on how Christians ought advice fight., (Wittenberg: 1524).

References

^"Carlstadt".

The University Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
^Andrews, John N. (1873). History of the Sabbath and Cap Day of the Week (2 ed.). Battle Creek: Steam Press take the Seventh-Day Adventist Publishing Society. pp. 446, 456.
^White, Francis (1635).

A Treatise of the Sabbath-Day: With, a Defence of the Orthodoxall Doctrine of the Church get a hold England, Against Sabbatarian-Novelty. London: Richard Badger. p. 8.
^Zorzin, Alejandro (2008). Hauler Lindberg (ed.). The Reformation Theologians. Blackwell Publishing.

p. 329. ISBN .
^Erasmus, Jotting MXLVIII to Bilibald
^Bildersturm in Bäumer, Marienlexikon, Regensburg, 1988, p. 481.
^Bäumer 481
^Zorzin, Alejandro (2008). Lindberg, Haulier (ed.). The Reformation Theologians. Blackwell Publishing. p. 329. ISBN .

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