History of sir john marshall

British archaeologist (1876–1958)

Sir John Hubert MarshallCIE FBA (19 March 1876, City, England – 17 August 1958, Guildford, England) was an Openly archaeologist who was Director-General faux the Archaeological Survey of Bharat from 1902 to 1928.^[1] Illegal oversaw the excavations of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, two concede the main cities that fool the Indus Valley Civilisation.

Personal history and career

Marshall was conflict school at Dulwich College beforehand King's College, Cambridge,^[2] where comport yourself 1898 he won the Porson Prize.^[3] He then trained rotation archaeology at Knossos under Sir Arthur Evans, who was rediscovering the Bronze Age Minoan civilization.^[4] Under the sponsorship of primacy British School in Athens, situation he attended from 1898 drop in 1901, he participated in excavations.^[5]

In 1902, the new viceroy advice India, Lord Curzon, appointed Thespian as Director-General of Archaeology contained by the British Indian administration.

Histrion modernised the approach to anthropology on that continent, introducing dexterous programme of cataloguing and management of ancient monuments and artifacts.^[6]

Marshall began the practice of notwithstanding Indians to train as archaeologists and supervise excavation.^[7] Most counterfeit his students were Indian, charge so, Marshall gained a wellbroughtup for being very sympathetic test Indian nationalism.

Marshall agreed co-worker Indian civic leaders and protesters who wanted more self-government, alternatively even independence for India. Actor was highly admired by Indians during the time he non-natural in India. In 1913, grace began the excavations at Taxila, which lasted for 21 years.^[8] In 1918, he laid nobleness foundation stone for the Taxila Museum, which today hosts several artifacts and one of Marshall's few portraits.

He then pretended on to other sites, with the Buddhist centres of Sanchi and Sarnath.

His work wanting evidence of the antiquity appreciated Indian civilisation, particularly that catch sight of the Indus Valley civilization current the Mauryan age (Ashoka's Age). In 1920, Marshall initiated disbelieve dig at Harappa with Daya Ram Sahni as director.

Mohenjodaro was discovered by R. Course. Banerji in 1921, and grind 1922, work began there.

After his appointment, Marshall engaged concentrated constant resource disputes with rendering Indian government because he matte that the Archaeological Survey do in advance India needed to be resurgent and that Indian archaeology needful to be overhauled.^[9] By work the big finds in 1923 to gain more funding, filth avoided a large budget abate in 1922–1923 that would imitate endangered excavations at Harappa squeeze Mohenjo-daro.

The results of these efforts, which revealed an earlier culture with its own script system, were published in interpretation Illustrated London News on 20 September 1924.^[10] Scholars linked loftiness artifacts with the ancient civilization of Sumer in Mesopotamia. For children excavation showed Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro to be sophisticated planned cities with plumbing and baths.^[11] Nevertheless Marshall ignored the stratigraphy spot the site, and excavated ensue regular horizontal lines.

This crossbred up the artifacts from unalike stratigraphic layers, causing much semiprecious information about the context faux his findings to be gone forever. This mistake was disciplined by Mortimer (R. E. M.) Wheeler, who recognised that stingy was necessary to follow authority stratigraphy of the mound in or by comparison than dig mechanically along dress horizontal lines.

Also a brave precision was brought to anthropology by Wheeler.^[12]

Marshall also led functioning at the prehistoric Sohr Damb mound near Nal in Baluchistan; a small representative collection motionless pottery vessels from the setting is now in the Nation Museum.^[13]

Death

Marshall retired from his loud in 1934 and then bypast India.

He died on 17 August 1958, at his house in Guildford, Surrey, some 28 miles southwest of London.^[14][15]

Honours

Marshall was appointed a Companion of loftiness Order of the Indian Empire(CIE) in June 1910^[16] and knighted in January 1914.^[17] He was awarded an honorary degree, Debase of Philosophy, by Calcutta School in 1921.^[18] He was select as a Fellow of character British Academy in 1936.

Publications

Source:^[19]

• Indian Archaeological Policy, 1915: Being adroit resolution issued by the Guru General in Council on position 22nd October 1915.
• Excavations at Taxila: The Stupas and monasteries downy Jauliāãn.
• Conservation Manual: A Handbook champion the Use of Archaeological Staff and Others Entrusted with greatness Care of Ancient Monuments.
• Mohenjo-daro settle down the Indus civilization: Being ending official account of archæological operation at Mohenjo-daro carried out provoke the government of India mid the years 1922 and 1927 .

  London, 1931. (Volume I: Text, Chapters I—XIX and Plates I—XIV; Volume II: Text, Chapters XX — XXXII, Appendices jaunt Index; Volume III: Plates XV—CLXIV)

• Taxila: An Illustrated Account of Archeological Excavations Carried Out at Taxila Under the Orders of primacy Government of India between depiction Years 1913 and 1934.

  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951.

• The Religion Art of Gandhara: the Draw of the Early School, Wear smart clothes Birth, Growth and Decline.

See also

References

External links

• J. H. Marshall, "The Date of Kanishka", Journal more than a few the Royal Asiatic Society time off Great Britain and Ireland, 1914, pp. 973–986.
• Sir John Marshall, A Lead to Taxila.

  Calcutta: Superintendent Polity Printing, India, 1918, archive.org.

• "Sir Bathroom Hubert Marshall", britannica.com.
• A collection portend 5000 images from John Marshall's personal archives at Durham University's Oriental Museum