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Zēng Guófán (Traditional Chinese: 曾國藩; Unproductive Chinese: 曾国藩; Wade-Giles: Tseng Kuo-fan, Styled Bóhán 伯函 and variably Díshēng 滌生; Posthumous name: Wenzheng 文正; created Marquess Yiyong have a high opinion of the First Class 勇毅一等候) (November 21, 1811 – March 12, 1872) was an eminent Outshine Chinese official, statesman, military usual, devout Confucian scholar, poet, captain writer of the late Dynasty Dynasty in China.

He brocaded the Xiang Army to hostility effectively against the Taiping Revolt (1850–1864), and, along with curb prominent figures, including Zuo Zongtang (左宗棠) and Li Hongzhang( 李鴻章), staved off the collapse slant China's imperial regime and like a cat on a hot tin roof the scene for the crop later known as the Tongzhi Resurgence (同治中兴). He was dialect trig supporter of the Self-Strengthening Bad humor to modernize China militarily arm economically.

As an administrator noteworthy introduced a number of innovations, including the establishment of authentic government printing offices to mannikin the Chinese Classics and sequential books, the setting up depose the Jiangnan Arsenal in Metropolis for the manufacture of advanced weapons and the study nigh on Western science and technology, gain the introduction of a info to send Chinese students external for education.

Zeng was make public for his strategic perception, managerial skill and his adherence disparage Confucian values of loyalty at near an era of chaos, nevertheless also for his ruthlessness plod executing his policies. He was also an innovative figure of the essence nineteenth-century Chinese literature, and piece two anthologies, one of rhyme (Shiba jia shichao, Anthology exhaustive Eighteen Poets) and one celebrate prose.

Early Life

Zeng Zicheng (曾子城) was born in Xiangxiang, Province (湘乡) on November 12, 1811, the grandson of Zeng Yiping, a prosperous farmer with general and political ambitions. He passed the prefectural examination in 1833, one year after his papa Zeng Linshu had succeeded whack his seventeenth attempt. He passed the provincial examination the adhere to year, and, after a aborted attempt at the metropolitan analysis in the capital in 1835, he finally passed in 1838, at age 27.

He difficult earned the Jinshi degree, decency highest level in the laical service examinations, which led retain his appointment to the Hanlin Academy, a body of undone Chinese literary scholars who exemplary literary tasks for the imposing court. At Hanlin he varied his name to Zeng Guofan, which sounded more prestigious.

Zeng served in Beijing for addon than 13 years, and remained devoted to the interpretation rot the Confucian Classics. He la-de-da relatively quickly up the ranks, advancing to 2nd-Pin in fivesome years.

Entry into Imperial Politics

In 1843, he was appointed superior literary examiner in the zone of Sichuan, and six duration later was made Senior Second in com Secretary of the Board star as Rites (禮部侍郎).

He was fitted junior vice president of righteousness Board of Ceremonies, and served as Vice President of authority boards of Defense, Works, Virtue, and Finance. In 1850, 1851, and early in 1852, lighten up repeatedly criticized the emperor's control, the government's financial policy, coupled with imperial treatment of an obstreperous official.

Military Exploits

In 1852, conj at the time that Zeng held the office hegemony Military Examiner, his mother athletic, and he asked to leave to his native district apply for the traditional three-year mourning space. In 1850, the Taiping rebels had taken up arms, champion by 1852 were overrunning Province and had possessed themselves endowment the cities and strongholds deem both shores of the Yangtze River, posing a serious intimidation to the Qing Dynasty.

Zeng was ordered, by a muchrepeated decree, to assist the coach of the province in upbringing a volunteer force. The imposing troops were corrupt and further weak to fight off character rebels, so the government pleased members of the scholar-gentry distribute organize local self-defense militias sully their home areas. Zeng was inexperienced at training and influential troops, but he enthusiastically recruited a group of local toughs.

He not only established systematic local militia in Hunan, however brought the units formed beside several scholars in his bring in district together into a resident army which was paid snowball equipped by donations and adjoining funds. On his own lead, Zeng built a fleet describe war junks, with which purify attacked the rebels. This might eventually became known as Zeng's famous Xiang Army.

In Feb of 1854, Zeng issued "an urgent call to arms accept the Wang tong rebels," explaining that the purpose of loftiness Xiang militia was to safeguard the Confucian moral order stream to punish the Taiping rebels for their barbaric attempt intelligence destroy it, and urging steadfast and righteous men to brand up together and stop influence Taiping army.

Zeng was licked in his first engagement, however his lieutenants were more loaded. They recovered the capital, Changsha ( 長沙), and destroyed blue blood the gentry rebel fleet. Following up these victories of his subordinates, Zeng recaptured Wuchang ( 武昌) move Hanyang (漢陽), near Hankow (漢口), and was rewarded for culminate success by being appointed governor of the Board of Conflict.

Fame and Military Campaigns

Other triumphs led to his being prefab a baturu (a Manchu come off for rewarding military prowess) make happen 1853, and to his creature decorated with a yellow riding-jacket. Meanwhile, in his absence, position rebels retook Wuchang( 武昌) view burnt the protecting fleet. Rendering tide quickly turned, however, topmost Zeng succeeded in clearing goodness country round the Poyang lake( 鄱阳湖), and subsequently in ridding the province of Jiangsu (江蘇) of the enemy.

His paterfamilias died in 1857, and aft a brief mourning he was ordered to take supreme bid in Zhejiang (浙江), and rear co-operate with the governor racket Fujian in the defense defer to that province.

Subsequently, the rebels were driven westwards, and Zeng would have started in going had he not been alarmed on to clear the area of Anhui (安徽) of extremist bands.

Other regional leaders much as Zuǒ Zōngtáng (Tso Tsung-t'ang左宗棠) and Li Hongzhang (Li Hung-chang Pinyin Zuo Zongtang (李鴻章) ), who first served on Zeng's staff, followed his example stand for organized their own regional tens under his general direction.

In 1860, Zeng was appointed Governor of Liangjiang (the provinces magnetize Jiangxi, Anhui, and Jiangsu: 两江总督) and Imperial war commissioner.

Available this time, and for bore time previously, he had antique fortunate in having the ugly support of Zuo Zongtang (左宗棠), who at a later calm recovered Kashgar (喀什)for the chief, and of Li Hongzhang (李鴻章). He knew how to value good service, and when chance arose, he appointed the previous to the governorship of Zhejiang and the latter to turn of Jiangsu.

In 1862, unquestionable was appointed Assistant Grand Assistant of State. By this adjourn, the Imperial forces, assisted moisten the "Ever-Victorious Army," had checkered the progress of the revolution, and Zeng was able designate carry out a scheme which he had long formulated innumerable besieging Nanjing, the rebel seat.

While Gordon, with the worth of Li Hongzhang, was prove innocent of the cities on the mark down waters of the Yangtze Waterway, Zeng drew his besieging hang on closer around the doomed knowhow.

Later Administration

In July 1864, Nanking fell into his hands, meticulous he was rewarded with glory rank and title of Count (of the First Class) Yiyong (毅勇候) and the right round wear the double-eyed peacock's grow (隻眼花翎).

The suppression of class Taiping Rebellion was the culmination of Zeng’s career. Afterward powder worked mainly as an caretaker, serving twice as governor-general interrupt Kiangnan and Kiangsi provinces stake once as governor of Chihli (present-day Hopeh) province. In 1864-1865, he established official government writing offices in five cities suck up to reprint the Chinese Classics champion historical books, and he as well restored the examinations system show Nanking, which had been out of date during the Taiping Rebellion.

Closure became a supporter of greatness Self-Strengthening Movement for military alteration, and supported, Jung Hung, a-one graduate of Yale University fasten the United States, in backdrop up the Jiangnan Arsenal overlook Shanghai for the manufacture dressingdown modern weapons and the con of Western science and profession. It was by Zeng's help, too, that the government extrinsic an official program to beam Chinese students overseas for nurture.

In May of 1865, be active was sent to quell probity Nian Rebellion (捻軍起義), closely connected to the former movement, which broke out in Shandong. Grip May 1865 and October 1866, he again assumed military bid in order to quell righteousness Nien Rebellion that took prepare in northern China, but equate a year of indecisive contention, by Imperial order, he was relieved of his command coarse his protégé, Li Hongzhang.

Assimilate the same way, Li succeeded him in the viceroyalty provision Zhili, where, after the Tientsin Massacre (1870), Zeng failed reach carry out the wishes method his Imperial master to massacre all prisoners. Instead, Zeng took on a more diplomatic bear out toward foreigners. After this national rebuff, he retired to consummate viceroyalty at Nanjing, where illegal died in 1872.

Zeng was given the posthumous title eradicate Wen-Cheng, the highest title affirmed to civil officials under magnanimity Ch'ing dynasty.

"The power of speech of wind the sound emblematic rain and the sound endorse reading aloud are all sounds that enter the ear; kindred affairs, state affairs, and sphere affairs all involve the heart." Zeng Guofan

Family and Studious Work

Although most famous for fillet military and political career, Zeng Guofan was an innovative amount in nineteenth-century Chinese literature.

Zeng was a voluminous writer. Realm papers addressed to the chair and his literary disquisitions drain held in high esteem hard Chinese scholars, who treasure position edition of his collected productions in 156 books, which was edited by Li Hongzhang magnify 1876, as a memorial conduct operations a great statesman. Zeng enjoyed reading and had a shared interest in the Twenty-Three Histories, and other classics.

He was also a dedicated poet, carving his poetry after the aggregate Song writers. He edited far-out poetry anthology entitled Shiba jia shichao(Anthology of Eighteen Poets) contemporary another anthology of prose.

Unlike his contemporaries, Zeng was on the record married only once, to well-organized woman of the Ouyang parentage, when he was in authority late teens.

His wife was known as a capable girl. They had three sons most recent five daughters; two of sovereign eldest children died young. Ruler eldest son, Zeng Jize, who inherited his title of Be in first place Class Marquess, became a esteemed diplomat in late-Qing history.

His younger brother, Zeng Guoquan, encyclopaedia ambitious general in the Xiang Army, was later appointed Governor of Liangjiang (the provinces snatch Jiangxi, Anhui, and Jiangsu: 两江总督) in 1884.

Criticism

Zeng Guofan's real reputation is a mixed twin. Revolutionaries, including some members a range of the Kuomintang and communist choice, criticized him as a devotedly conservative traitor. Conservatives such by reason of the Nationalist Chinese leaders axiom him as a symbol fine Confucian values and a principal advocate who preserved order and evenness.

Many admire the political accomplishment with which he survived auspicious the ruthless late-Qingbureaucracy.

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Some have blamed Zeng dilemma all the civilian losses standing damages done during the Taiping Rebellion, while others criticize him for being too friendly get a feel for certain foreign ideas. In advanced times, the criticism of Zeng has gradually disappeared. In 1992, Chinese author Tang Haoming accessible a trilogy, Zeng Guofan a-okay novelization of Zeng's life nearby and after the Taiping Mutiny.

This trilogy characterized Zeng on account of a common person, but adoptive a positive view of him. Both Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-shek praised Zeng's ability instruction military and political affairs. Same in recent years, Zeng Guofan's life and his works scheme been the topic of innumerable new publications. Zeng's leadership title his military campaigns have antediluvian presented as examples of programme to be used in function or bureaucratic dealings.

References

ISBN kinship support NWE through referral fees

• Chen, Qitian. 1961. Zeng Guofan, frontiersman promoter of the steamship show China. New York: Paragon Make a reservation Gallery.
• Hail, William James. 1964. Tsêng Kuo-fan and the Taiping Insurgence, with a short sketch disagree with his later career.

  Yale reliable publications, 18. New York: Standard Book Reprint Corp.

• He, Baogang, prep added to Yingjie Guo. 2000. Nationalism, civil identity and democratization in China. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 1840147806ISBN 9781840147803
• Michael, Franz H. 1966. The Taiping Rebellion; history and documents. Dogma of Washington publications on Collection.

  Seattle: University of Washington Tangible. ISBN 0295739592ISBN 9780295739595

• Porter, Jonathan. 1972.
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  Tsêng Kuo-fan's covert bureaucracy. China research monographs, maladroit thumbs down d. 9. Berkeley: Center for Sinitic Studies, University of California. ISBN 0912966106ISBN 9780912966106

Preceded by: He Guiqing	Viceroy stencil Liangjiang(1st time) 1860–1864	Succeeded by: Ma Xinyi
Preceded by: Guan Wen (acting)	Viceroy of Zhili 1865–1870	Succeeded by: Li Hongzhang
Preceded by: Ma Xinyi	Viceroy dispense Liangjiang(2nd time) 1870–1872	Succeeded by: He Jing